The Battle of Bosworth has loomed large in English memory, not least because of William Shakespeare’s dramatic portrayal of Richard III as a deformed villain crying “A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse!” Whether Richard was truly the monstrous tyrant of legend or a misundersto

With cries of “Treason!” echoing around him, Richard led a mounted charge straight at Henry Tudor. This moment has become legendary—a king charging into battle to kill his rival personally. The gamble nearly succeeded. Richard’s knights cut down Henry’s standard-bearer,

The battlefield was a marshy plain south of Market Bosworth. Richard chose a position on Ambion Hill, giving him a height advantage. Henry deployed his forces to the southwest. His army included a vanguard under the command of John de Vere, the Earl of Oxford, who would play a pivotal role in the en

Henry Tudor landed at Milford Haven in Wales on August 7, 1485, with a modest force of around 2,000 men, most of them French mercenaries. Crucially, he chose to march through Wales—a land where he had ancestral ties and political goodwill. His gamble paid off. Prominent Welsh lords such as Rhy